This was associated with a later augmentation in pro-inflammatory responses at 72 h post-infection with increased BAL neutrophils, activated neutrophil subsets (CD63+ and CD64+) and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF observed in mice treated with leptin prior to infection compared to vehicle-treated infected control mice (Fig. 5c–f). The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is infection.