CSF-1 is responsible for PI3K/AKT signalling to promote survival and proliferation of tumour cells and tumour-associated macrophages.194 Pexidartinib is ineffective as a single agent therapy in recurrent glioblastoma patients, with 95% of patients demonstrating disease progression in a phase II clinical trial.195 Furthermore, newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients treated with pexidartinib in combination with RT/TMZ had an OS and PFS of 58 weeks and 29 weeks, respectively, demonstrating no improvement, compared with traditional RT/TMZ treatment (NCT01790503). Here, PIK3CA is linked to glioblastoma.