Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalinghas been reported to be activated by certain particle–cellinteractions as important stress response pathway in macrophages,37,43 and MAPK pathways are involved in herpesvirus infection and reactivation.44,45 Thus, we studied the kinase activation of p38, ERK, and JNK at earlytime points after CNP and DWCNT exposure in Ana-1/MHV-68 macrophages.Both NPs triggered p38, ERK, and JNK phosphorylation at early exposuretimes from 30 min to 1 h (Figure 5A–C). This evidence concerns the gene WNK2 and Herpesviridae infectious disease.