TNF and Arrhythmia: Moreover, previous evidence has suggested that some medications (e.g., steroids) may lead to an increased risk of adverse CVD events, while others (e.g., anti-TNF agents or 5-aminosalicylic acid) may have a cardio-protective effect [9], the optimization of anti-inflammatory therapy while not triggering arrhythmias in those with additional established CVD risk factors should be carefully considered.