INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, there are currently 420 million people worldwide living with diabetes with about 9 million people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) relying on insulin for survival and ∼63 million individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who require insulin for treatment.1 It is estimated that only two-thirds of individuals with T1D2,3 and <20% with insulin-treated T2D3 are achieving the American Diabetes Association (ADA) A1C target of <7.0%.