LTA and Sepsis: Examination of TNF concentration in the peripheral blood revealed that the amount of circulating TNF in the LT + TNF model was comparable with that in an lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis model (Fig. S1A) and was also commensurate with the records of murine or primate anthrax models (Shemyakin et al., 2005; Stearns-Kurosawa et al., 2006), supporting the appropriateness and clinical relevance of the LT + TNF model.