TNF and infection: During mouse infection of B. anthracis or other bacteria, the amount of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF in the bloodstream increases to an average level of 200–1000 pg/mL (Shemyakin et al., 2005; Silva et al., 1990; Takashima et al., 1997; Yoshida et al., 2000), which is comparable with the serum TNF concentration in the TNF + LT model described in this work (Fig. S1A).