MTOR and Insulin resistance: In our previous placental mTOR manipulation study that defined offspring phenotypes, we found that in female offspring, the loss of placental mTOR (mTORKOpl) increased susceptibility to insulin resistance and obesity under a high-fat diet (HFD) challenge, whereas enhanced placental mTORC1 activity (TSC2KOpl) conferred protection (Akhaphong et al. 2021).