TNF and cancer: It was demonstrated that after intravenous injection, the engineered bacteria could colonize the TME, significantly reduce the expression of tumor mesenchymal cell markers, increase immune cells, and destroy tumor stromal cells and cancer cells, thereby significantly promoting the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-1b) and TNF-α, and inhibiting tumor growth (Tan et al., 2022).