The adjuvant effect of TLR3 agonist on the generation of S-specific CD8+ T cells within the lungs is in agreement with previous reports indicating that TLR3 agonists can improve the efficacy of live smallpox vaccines (Israely et al., 2014), inactivated influenza vaccines (Ichinohe et al., 2007; Renu et al., 2020), and live influenza vaccine (Overton et al., 2014). Here, TLR3 is linked to influenza.