Serum VCAM-1 level also showed high sensitivity and specificity and could distinguish between patients with active LN from those in remission (sensitivity and specificity rates of 68.97% and 89.66% respectively), patients with active non-renal SLE (sensitivity and specificity rates of 90.91% and 86.21% respectively), CKD patients (sensitivity and specificity rates of 89.66% and 82.61% respectively) and healthy subjects (96.55% and 96.00% respectively) (52). Here, VCAM1 is linked to lobular neoplasia.