C3 and nephritis: The measurement of a panel of biomarkers rather than a single biomarker, may be more useful to predict nephritis flares (156, 157) and VCAM-1 in combination with C3, proteinuria or serum levels of syndecan-1, HA and thrombomodulin was superior to C3, anti-dsDNA antibody titre or serum creatinine level in distinguishing active LN from quiescent disease (52).