Table 3 compares the clinico-pathological association of serum syndecan-1, HA, thrombomodulin and VCAM-1 with conventional indicators of kidney injury and immunologic activity in LN patients. Further studies are warranted in a larger cohort to validate these findings especially in longitudinal studies and different ethnic groups to ascertain whether certain biomarker panels may be used for specific ethnicity and genetic composition. A schematic diagram detailing changes in the glycocalyx in LN patients is presented in Figure 1. Here, VCAM1 is linked to lobular neoplasia.