Serum thrombomodulin level correlated with the severity of interstitial inflammation in renal biopsies from patients with active LN and may reflect histopathological changes, for example, renal vascular lesions in LN is associated with increased plasma thrombomodulin levels (53, 134), and patients with end-stage kidney disease show a noticeable loss of their glycocalyx in the sublingual microvasculature, which is accompanied by an increase in plasma thrombomodulin levels compared with healthy subjects (125). Here, THBD is linked to inflammation.