Soluble syndecan-1 can activate B cell differentiation and autoantibody production in a murine model of SLE (108), whereas heparan sulphate fragments can induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low molecular weight HA which exacerbate inflammatory processes through TLR-4 and highlights a pathogenic role of syndecan-1 in SLE and LN (109, 110). This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and systemic lupus erythematosus.