SMAD2 and neoplasm: The average H-scores of TGF-β1, SMAD3, SMAD2, and β-catenin were 41.8 (range: 4.4 to 159.5), 63.1 (range: 13.0 to 100.0), 77.8 (range: 29.4 to 107.7), and 84.1 (range: 22.2 to 202.1), respectively, and there was significantly greater TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the specimens from patients with a recurrent tumor (P = 0.021 and P = 0.018, respectively) (Table 2).