TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: Studies of human epithelial carcinomas, such as breast cancer, colon carcinoma, lung cancer, and prostatic adenocarcinoma, have shown that the TGF-β signaling pathway could promote cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition by a variety of mechanisms, including cell autocrine/paracrine mechanisms and coactivation with the WNT pathway, which were considered to be associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis (22, 40, 41).