Studies of human epithelial carcinomas, such as breast cancer, colon carcinoma, lung cancer, and prostatic adenocarcinoma, have shown that the TGF-β signaling pathway could promote cell epithelial–mesenchymal transition by a variety of mechanisms, including cell autocrine/paracrine mechanisms and coactivation with the WNT pathway, which were considered to be associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and poor prognosis (22, 40, 41). Here, TGFB1 is linked to prostate adenocarcinoma.