Co-culture of HNSCC cells (FaDu and SNU1076) with the CM of NFs and CAFs (NFCM and CAFCM) (Fig. S3g) revealed that EMT markers, such as N-cadherin and vimentin, were upregulated in the tumor EpCs of the CAFCM group compared with those in the NFCM group, whereas epithelial biomarkers, such as E-cadherin, were downregulated (Fig. 3j). Here, VIM is linked to neoplasm.