TNF and COVID-19: Notably, these subsets were significantly enriched in oxidative stress-related and immuno-related biological processes (Fig. 3E), as well as in coronavirus disease-COVID-19, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Epstein-Barr virus infection and PD − L1 expression and PD − 1 checkpoint pathway in cancer (Fig. 3F).