Interestingly, anti-IL-6 receptor (anti-IL-6R) monoclonal antibodies can result in significant growth inhibition of certain NSCLC cell lines through activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell) pathway and inhibit lung cancer promotion in a K-RAS mutant mouse model by reprogramming the TME.54 55 Though multiple IL-6-mediated pathways may contribute to tumor growth and immune escape, our data demonstrate that elevated baseline tumor IL-6 expression could portend worse outcomes to ICIs in patients with NSCLC. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and lung carcinoma.