In addition, Kapustin et al. [235] found that circulating vitamin K–dependent coagulation proteins, PT in particular, a novel inhibitor of circulating vascular calcification and low circulating levels of PT in calcified patients, can bind to the surface of VSMC exosomes via PS and can also be loaded into exosomes by cellular internalization and recycling via the late endosome/multivesicular body (LE/MVB) compartment. This evidence concerns the gene F2 and calcification.