CCL3 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: The CD31 or also known as the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) plays an vital role during the endothelium repair process in COPD patients (Kato et al., 2014) whereas the chemokines such as MIP-1α, MIP-3α and RANTES are usually found to be upregulated in patients with COPD, thus advocating the idea that they contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease (Bracke et al., 2007).