Although the detailed mechanisms of the PIV’s prognostic value in malignancies are unclear, they can be explained as follows: First, neutrophils, as the most common innate immune cells, have been reported to promote tumor invasion and metastasis by secreting VEGFA, MMPs, and other chemokines such as IL-6 and TGF-β (52, 53). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.