Several studies found MCP-1 to be a negative prognostic factor in HNSCC, as high levels of MCP-1 in the TIME lead to a poor prognosis and impaired outcome (69, 70), but there is not much data on serum and/or plasma levels of MCP-1 in HNSCC patients available in the literature. Here, CCL2 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.