In AAN mice, Calprotectin, as well HMGB-1, but not Hsp70 or HA, was found elevated (Figure 7C), and its pharmacological inhibition with Paquinimod (ABR-215757), which interacts specifically with the S100A9 subunit and blocks its recognition by TLR4 (52, 53), prevented the AAN-induced increase in plasma KC (Figure 7D) and innate immune cell proportions (total and Ly6Chigh monocytes as well as neutrophils, Figure 7E). Here, S100A9 is linked to Balkan nephropathy.