TLR4 and Nephropathy: Plasma levels of Heat-shock protein (Hsp) 60 and 70 (TLR2 and TLR4 ligands) and Calprotectin can predict CV events in the general population (16–19). Notably, CKD-associated tissue injury results in TLR DAMPs production in the kidney (20), and elevated urinary DAMP levels may serve as biomarkers of kidney damage (21–23).