TGFB1 and myopia: A series of signaling pathways, including dopamine (7), retinoic acid (8), Wnt/β-catenin (9), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (10), and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) (11) signaling pathways, have been confirmed to be associated with the development of myopia; however, the exact pathogenesis of myopia remains unclear since myopia is regulated by both genetic and environmental factors (12).