Additionally, in various murine models, genetic (Liu et al., 1998) and pharmacologic (Phan and Kunkel, 1992; Piguet et al., 1993) knockdown of TNFα and its receptor ameliorated chemically-induced lung fibrosis in a TGFβ dependent manner, suggesting a synergistic association between TNFα and TGFβ-mediated fibrosis. Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.