MAPK1 and osteoporosis: Lee et al. (2019) showed that downregulated osteoclast-related gene expression was associated with JNK cascade inhibition and that suppressing the p38 cascade would also relieve osteoporosis (Wang et al., 2018). Liu et al. (2022) indicated that vitexin could act against osteoporosis by promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis in an ovariectomized rat model; the potential underlying mechanism might upregulate the PI3K-AKT cascade. Regulated PI3K-AKT signaling could also mediate the biological function of osteoclast (Jiang et al., 2022).