The process of care is assessed using various metrics, including the prescription rates of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, MRAs and anticoagulants for AF during hospitalization for HF (Albert et al., 2009; Ellrodt et al., 2013; Heidenreich et al., 2020, 2009; Hernandez et al., 2010). Here, ACE is linked to atrial fibrillation.