IRF4 and cancer: Previous studies have shown that thalidomide regulates signaling pathways through the NFκB-IRF4 pathway and AMPK/mTOR pathway, having anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and anti-angiogenic effects in cancer and autoimmune diseases [8], making it therapeutically useful in cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Crohn's disease [9, 10].