Ye et al. found that High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is expressed on the membrane of HCC-derived exosomes and binds to toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2), TLR-4, TLR-9 and advanced glycation end products (RAGE) with high affinity, leading to tumor cell survival, expansion and metastasis (Ye et al. 2018). The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.