GFAP and brain injury: Our study is congruent with several studies evidencing that enormous ROS production, increased GFAP expression, and apoptosis signaling are the main cornerstones in cerebral I/R-induced brain injury (Yuan et al. 2020; Campanile et al. 2022; Du et al. 2023; Hu et al. 2023) because they have a direct influence on halting autophagy, which has a significant role in neuroprotection (Carloni and Balduini 2020).