HLA-C and neoplasm: Neoantigens are recognized and bonded by the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) to form the MHC-neoantigen complexes, which are further recognized by the T cells and trigger the personalized immune response of the individual patient.8,9 Personalized neoantigen therapy could induce long-lasting tumour-specific memory T cells through de novo induction of the T-cell population, boosting the existing T-cell response and epitope spreading.9