Moreover, although the therapeutic effect of neoantigen vaccines alone is not sufficient, combinations with other specific therapies, such as broad-spectrum immune-enhanced adjuvants of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), or immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies, can illustrate significant anticancer effects on melanoma. Here, CSF2 is linked to melanoma.