In addition, many regulatory components of these pathways, such as Csf1r, Nfkbia, CD74, Tlr1, Irf5/8, and Il6ra were significantly upregulated in the NPmut AML transcriptome, and their overexpression was validated using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) (Figure 4D). The gene discussed is IRF5; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.