TNF and myocardial infarction: Similar effects of Ts-AES on macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype were also found in vivo in MI mice, characterized by decreased levels of M1-related markers iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression and increased levels of M2-related markers CD206 and regulatory cytokines IL-10 mRNA expression in the heart tissue of treated mice (Fig. 6), even though there was no significant change of TGF-β expression level in Ts-AES treated mice with MI observed in this study.