AUC of CCL4, CD48, ITGB2, and RNASE6 were 78.92%, 78.15%, 75.15%, and 75.77% in NAFLD dataset (Fig. 7C), and 87.50%, 95.83%, 100%, and 100% in AF dataset (Fig. 7D), indicating the relatively high diagnostic value of the four genes in NAGDS. This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.