INS and Insulin resistance: It is suggested that short-term HFD induced hepatic and muscle insulin resistance, possibly as consequences of hepatic fat accumulation through diacylglyecrol and ceramide-induced insulin signaling inhibition, elevated gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion, and increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory macrophages leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that impairs hepatic insulin signaling22,35,36.