SMAD4 and colorectal carcinoma: To further prioritize, we combined genes with mutation frequencies ≥3% of the TCGA-CRC with OncoKB genes and compared them to 1,459 CCDGs to enrich 471 genes, which included known CRC genes such as APC, SMAD4, TP53, and RNF43, and genes whose functions in CRC were unknown, such as IFNGR1 and TRIM33 (Fig. 6a and Supplementary Data 2 and 7).