TLR4 and hyperinsulinism: As seen by enhanced adipose macrophage recruitment and hepatic NF-κB/IKKβ inflammatory-signaling pathways, this was linked to systemic inflammation, most likely via LPS or saturated fatty acids (Takeda et al., 2003; Kleinridders et al., 2009) Mice lacking toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), receptors for LPS, are resistant to HFD- or LPS-induced hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (Stavropoulou et al., 2020).