On the horizon, relevant and novel targets to modulate antitumour immunity in prostate cancer may include the targeting of relevant immune-metabolic pathways, such as the adenosine receptor[119-121], or cytokine-directed efforts, such as IL-8 involved in the differentiation of TAM to M2 phenotype (promotes immune resistance and tumour metastasis)[122,123], IL-23 which is a cytokine secreted by MDSCs[124] and TGF-β which promotes tumour growth and immunosuppression in the TME[81]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.