TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Other studies have also reported reduced vaccine-induced antibody responses against the WT spike protein in anti-TNF treated patients with IBD after 2 vaccine doses.36, 37, 38, 39 Interestingly, two independent studies have observed augmented antigen-specific T-cell responses in anti-TNF treated patients with IBD following 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses,36,40 which may be important in providing anti-viral activity despite attenuated antibody responses, and may partly explain why outcomes do not appear to be worse in anti-TNF recipients following infection.8