In addition, GSVA results revealed that 30 gene sets exhibited significant differences between the two risk groups, comprising Myc targets, E2F targets, hypoxia, p53, TNF α/NF-κB, IL-6/JAK/STAT3, and mTORC1 signalling pathways, implying a potential correlation between these pathways and the role of ARGs in the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Here, TP53 is linked to breast cancer.