PITX1 and muscle atrophy: In several separate studies, overexpression of PITX1 participated in muscular dystrophy regulatory pathway involving DUX4 and p53 (114–116), PITX1 expression was inhibited by morpholino (a drug that blocks the translation of macromolecules with mRNA by pairing with target mRNA bases in a complementary manner), and the treatment resulting effective in improving muscle strength in transgenic mice that overexpress PITX1, indicating PITX1 as a potential therapeutic approach for muscle atrophy.