TNF and chronic gastritis: • Activates neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells• Produces ROS• Promotes neutrophils’ adhesion to gastric epithelial cells• Promote the release of IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and β-hexosaminidase• Damages the gastric mucosa• Accelerates the process of chronic gastritis• Protects HP DNA from oxidative damage• Promotes the growth and colonization of HP