ATR and infection: ,16 In differentiated HAE, human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) infection initiates a DDR with the activation of all three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs): ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase (ATR), ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), and the DNA repair DNA polymerases involved in HBoV1 viral DNA replication.17