TRAF3 and infection: Decreased amount of K63-linked polyubiquitination and thus inhibition in the assembly of TRAF6 and TRAF3 complexes also have been observed at the first 60 min post-infection by F. tularensis LVS in bone marrow-derived macrophages (11), as have been essential changes in phosphorylation through the first 60 min in F. tularensis FSC200-infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (23) and therefore we focused on the early phase of infection.