HMGB1 and necrotizing enterocolitis: TLR and RAGE are important receptors for HMGB1, which itself not only affects NEC mucosal repair by inhibiting the migration of IECs in a TLR4-dependent manner (135), but also promotes intestinal inflammation in NEC by activating NLRP3 through TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathways (136).