In the fecal samples of NEC children and NEC model mice, increased levels of succinate are related to changes in gut microbiota, and succinic acid activated Mφs by activating the SUCNR1-mediated HIF-1α signaling pathway, disrupting the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators and leading to the progression of NEC (89). Here, HIF1A is linked to necrotizing enterocolitis.