The specific roles of OMVs in CRC include inducing IL-8 expression (100, 101), which fosters a pro-inflammatory microenvironment favoring tumor growth; and reducing E-cadherin and cadherin-1 gene expression to promote an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like genotype in tumor cells (100, 102), which ultimately promotes the migration and invasion of cancer cells in vivo (108). The gene discussed is CDH1; the disease is colorectal carcinoma.