TNF and COVID-19: In the case of COVID-19, the cytokines involved in cytokine storm mainly include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon alpha (IFN-α), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (56).