We first investigated whether L. braziliensis exosomes induced an inflammatory response in macrophages, and then assessed the effects of stimulating macrophages with these vesicles prior to infection with L. braziliensis. Compared to unstimulated cells, macrophages stimulation with EVs were found to induce IL-1β, TNF, IL-10 and IL-6 production (Figure 3). Here, IL1B is linked to infection.