TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: Renal fibrosis is a significant contributor to CKD, and obstructive nephropathy (ON) resulting from obstructive uropathy is a major cause of renal fibrosis (91).Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a key mediator of renal fibrosis, and studies have shown that it stimulates the expression of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcription product 1 (MALAT1) in ON patients.