Moreover, human osteoblasts and synovial cells can internalize Kingella kingae OMVs, and the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-6 increase in RA synovial fluid upon interaction with OMVs, promoting signal transduction in infected joints and damaging bone tissues during bacterial infection (Maldonado et al., 2011). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is bacterial infectious disease.