CSF2 and rheumatoid arthritis: Moreover, human osteoblasts and synovial cells can internalize Kingella kingae OMVs, and the levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-6 increase in RA synovial fluid upon interaction with OMVs, promoting signal transduction in infected joints and damaging bone tissues during bacterial infection (Maldonado et al., 2011).