CD40LG and escherichia coli infection: Du et al. (2019) demonstrated that B. subtilis WS-1 inhibits the growth of E. coli in vitro, dietary supplementation with strain WS-1 significantly reduced diarrhea rates and death in piglets from E. coli infection and ameliorated small intestinal lesions. The yak feces-derived B. velezensis JT3-1 was strongly antagonistic against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus and Mannheimia haemolytica. The average weight, cure rate of diarrhea and levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) in Angus calves supplemented with B. velezensis JT3-1 were significantly improved (Li et al., 2019).