In vitro studies using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons obtained from PD patients (Devine et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2004) have further demonstrated that oligomeric α-synuclein generates ROS in these cells, independent of mitochondrial activity (Abramov et al., 2020; Deas et al., 2016). The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.