At week 4 post infection, CD4+ T-cells showed a mixed response to S. mansoni AWA by secreting cytokines which encompassed Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2 & IL-1β), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and regulatory responses (IL-10) as well as the regulatory T cell transcription factor Foxp3. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.