INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: DM treatment encompasses more than managing appropriate blood sugar levels; it also involves addressing insulin resistance, improving insulin sensitivity, and ensuring the proper function of beta cells [47]. A research study explored how RA influences the regulation of glucose levels and insulin in two animal models mimicking diabetes: one induced to resemble type 1 diabetes using streptozocin (STZ) in rats, and the other induced to resemble type 2 diabetes through a high-fat diet (HFD) in rats.